Academic Summary Essay Example for Free

Academic Summary Essay In the article, How unethical are you? , Banaji et al. (2003) investigate four factors that result in unethical decision taken by managers: Implicit forms of prejudice, bias that favours ones own group, a tendency to over claim credit, and conflict of interest. The authors believe that the implicit prejudice is an unconscious judgment which originates from unintentional tendency to create relationships in the past. The implicit bias brings about social and economic effects which may eliminate capable people from doing the right job. Another reason is a tendency that benefits members of a group. This happens when those in minority are treated differently and less supported by the larger group only because they are a small group. Unaware exaggeration of their own talents is another influencing factor in which individuals rate themselves highly competent and exaggerate ones own cooperation in the group. Wide ranging opinions is the next factor stated by the authors which can also distort coming to a fair decision. See more: Homeless satire essay A bias in which there is tendency toward people with the same or similar idea causes disagreements and lead to unintentional immoral attitudes. Banaji et. al claim that by putting the conscious mind into use and paying more careful attention, managers would be able to confine the power of their conscious mind. They propose collecting data, shaping the environment, and broadening the decision making as the three main solutions to formulate conscious techniques. Banaji et. al point out that one way to decrease unintentional tendency is gathering information and making organized decisions. Moreover, they believe that implicit tendencies can be created by key signs in the environment. In order to reshape the existing bias, the person can put himself in an opposite situation in which the typical bias is being doubted. Expanding decision-making is another solution proposed by the authors which is achieved by disregarding your own identity when making decisions that may benefit specific groups of people more than others. Finally the authors state that managers who believe that they are unbiased must question the hypothesis that they are objective.

Sex in Othello and Hamlet Essay -- Sex Gender Feminine Essays

Sex debases men. They begin to struggle when they feel they are losing control of their emotions in any way. For a woman to easily change the way a man feels or the way he acts just by being female and attractive is enough to drive men insane. William Shakespeare's plays, Othello and Hamlet, demonstrate on paper, on film, and in other art forms that female sexuality and beauty are a threat to patriarchal society and that they must be controlled. Showalter affirms this in her essay by quoting David Laverenze's essay, "The Woman in Hamlet." In this essay he asserts that, " Hamlet's disgust at the feminine passivity in himself translated into violent revulsion against women and into his brutal behavior toward Ophelia" (Showalter 222). As men begin to see feminine aspects within themselves they will go to great lengths to not only deny, but also control these undesirable changes. Shakespeare's two plays are a direct commentary of the male insecurity that exists within relationships. Shakespeare's message concerning the male preoccupation with masculinity and their resulting fear of feminine sexuality has been portrayed in film, photography, and drawings. The way the women are represented in each genre clearly demonstrates the power of female sexuality. Though separate in style, each artwork clearly shows how the men of the play see the women as sexual powerhouses. The other genres help to reinforce my analysis of the text. In film we can watch hamlet's facial expressions as he reacts to Ophelia's obvious pull over his emotions. Every picture is taken for a reason in photography. Through each frame we are able to analyze the split second of action the photographer intended to capture. Here we are able to see an emotion or movement w... ...he become and the deeper into his insecurity he falls. Shakespeare's plays, the movies of his plays, and representations of his women through art all work together to create this great social commentary on men in relationships. The plays are obviously extreme since every man who is in love does not kill his lover. The point of the extremity however, is to reveal the gap that may otherwise go unnoticed. Desdemona and Ophelia are far from role models for women. They die and we do not want that. Once again, however their cases are extreme. We learn from them that acting blind to your lover's issues is not what we should strive to achieve. Rather, we should work together to make our sexuality a less foreign object to men. The more comfortable they are with it, the less intimidating it will seem and the more enjoyable it will be for both participants in the relationship.

Crime Causation and Diversion Paper Essay

Reading this paper it will discuss a few reasons to why juvenile delinquents behave the way that they do. This leads to the two diversion programs that are used in the state of Louisiana. This paper will discuss each program’s major goals, objectives, and core beliefs. A discussion about each program’s key participants as well as the different types of services each program offers. The paper will explain each program’s effective way at reducing juvenile crime. Lastly, the paper will end with a discussion about which program out of the two programs that work the best to reduce crimes committed by juveniles. There are many reasons to why juvenile becomes delinquents and then there are some that do not have a reason. Usually it starts in the home. Parents are the first people that can teach their children right from wrong. However, if a child comes from a single parent home may cause them to misbehave. If the child is in a two parent home but there is no discipline or if the parents are ex-criminal can cause the child to misbehave as well. The area where a child lives can play a big role to why a child can become a delinquent as well. For example if there is a lot of killing, low income living, and gang groups. Next it is the community, if there is nothing to offer a child they will most certainly turn into juvenile delinquents due to the fact that a child like activities and without the positive activities they see the negative activities as fun. Basically there is no single cause for all delinquents and not all delinquents carry out crimes thought-out there life. However, with major of Delinquents there are risk such as birth trauma, child abuse and neglect, ineffective parental discipline, family disruptions, conduct disorder and hyperactivity in children, school failure, learning disabilities, negative peer influences, limited employment opportunities, inadequate housing, and residence in high-crime neighborhoods. These examples can cause a juvenile to act out negatively (Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 1998). In the State of Louisiana there are different juvenile programs. There are two programs  that are very nice to use. The First program is the Model Programs Guide which is one of the first programs Louisiana juvenile justice had used. From the time MPG started up to 2013 it has been modified and updated. According to OJJDP (2013), â€Å"The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s (OJJDP’s) Model Programs Guide (MPG) contains information about evidence-based juvenile justice and youth prevention, intervention, and reentry programs. It is a resource for practitioners and communities about what works, what is promising, and what does not work in juvenile justice, delinquency prevention, and child protection and safety†. Vision Statement â€Å"The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) envision a nation where our children are healthy, educated, and free from violence. If they come into contact with the juvenile justice system, the contact should be rare, fair, and beneficial to them (OJJDP, 1)†. Mission Statement â€Å"The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) provide national leadership, coordination, and resources to prevent and respond to juvenile delinquency and victimization. OJJDP supports states and communities in their efforts to develop and implement effective and coordinated prevention and intervention programs and to improve the juvenile justice system so that it protects public safety, holds offenders accountable, and provides treatment and rehabilitative services tailored to the needs of juveniles and their families (OJJDP, 1)†. MPG is an easy-to-use, central, reliable, and credible resource program that helps support communities and policymakers in identifying programs that can make a difference in families and children’s lives. The purpose of MPG is to support in practical decision making and program implementation by gathering information on specific juvenile justice-related programs and reviewing the existing evaluation research against standard criteria. The Programs that MPG provides are as followed: Child Protect; Health and Welfare; Children Exposed to Violence and Victimization; Delinquency Prevention; Detention; Confinement and Supervision, Juvenile Justice System and JJDPA; Juvenile and Family Courts; Law Enforcement; Populations; School; and Youth Offenders. Each Program has several individual programs that are related for each issue that a juvenile may have. The program address issues such as child  victimization, substance abuse, youth violence, mental health and trauma, and gang activity. In addition to the information provided by MPS there are additional resources that practitioners, policymakers, and communities can use to improve the effectiveness of interventions, enhance accountability, ensure public safety, and reduce recidivism (OJJDP, 2013). The next program that the state of Louisiana uses is the Blue Print program. This program specializes in the study and prevention of youth violence. Blueprint list is recommended by 72% of educational agencies. The program is very successful in preventing negative behavior and healthy youth development. Most school districts use â€Å"The Blueprints standard for certifying programs as â€Å"model† or â€Å"promising† is one of the highest in the field (CSPV, 1)†. Mission Statement â€Å"The Blueprints mission is to identify evidence-based prevention and intervention programs that are effective in reducing antisocial behavior and promoting a healthy course of youth development (CSPV, 1)†. The Blueprint programs focus the reconstruction of youth violent behavior. A few programs that blue print provides: Adolescent Coping with Depression, Athletes Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS), Behavioral Monitoring and Reinforcement Program, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, Communities That Care, Functional Family Therapy (FFT), Guiding Good Choices, and New Beginnings (Intervention for children of divorce)(CSPV, 2013). There are more programs and they all deal with the reason to why juvenile would turn delinquent. Each program listed above touches the core issues of youths. The staff at blueprint does continuous research on their youth programs. â€Å"Blueprints’ standards for certifying model and promising prevention programs are widely rec ognized as the most rigorous in use. Program effectiveness is based upon an initial review by Blueprints staff and a final review and recommendation from a distinguished advisory board, comprised of experts in the field of youth development† (CSPV, 1). Other researchers certifies these programs as rigorous and effectiveness through evaluation. Both programs are good and they both provide services that are intended to help juvenile behavior and reduce juvenile crime. However, the Model Program Guide really does not stick out like the Blueprint Program does. Blueprint touches more on the core of the problem. MPG provides  services that would help prevent juvenile crimes and it has been somewhat effective, Blueprint focus on behavior. What causes a juvenile to act out? Blueprint provides caring and reinforcement to a juveniles issue. In conclusion, crimes are committed by juveniles on day-to-day basis and each juvenile has a different attitude towards the crime that was committed. Life situations occur for juveniles which can cause a short or long term effect. The juvenile diversion programs like the Model Programs Guide and the Blueprint provides different types of prevention programs which targets to prevent future crimes. Programs vary from state to state and they are not all the same, nor do they have the same effect on all juveniles. In, conclusive what is known is that all prevention programs invoice a certain time period of powerful control over offenders to prevent the offender from any future offenses. Source CSPV-Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence- (2013). Blueprint for Violence Prevention Program. Retrieved from http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/. November 15, 2013. Juvenile Justice Bulletin (October 1998). Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/jjbulletin/9810_2/program.html. November 15, 2013. OJJDP-Officer of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (2013). Model Programs Guide. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg. November 16, 2013.

A Classic Realist s Perception Of The 2003 Iraq War

International Relations Essay A Classic Realist’s perception of the 2003 Iraq War International Relations as a whole debates that politics equals power, therefore there are several theories which have emerged within International Relations that illuminate how nation-states interact with each other, their reason to go to war and what motivates them to establish peace. Within its many strands, Classical Realism emerged as a Post-World War 2 theory and is argued to be ‘pessimistic about the prospects for international cooperation’ (Glaser, 1994/95, pp. 56); which will be the concept discussed. This theory is characterised as Positivism rather than Post-Positivism due to its application of scientific process, where it uses natural science empirically to identify regularities. The essay will first focus on the various theorists and their ideas in core Classical Realism, such as; Thucydides, Morgenthau, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and more. The case study of the essay will be the 2003 Iraq War, where a quick summary will be explained before applying key classical realist concepts to it then analysing their strengths and weaknesses. Throughout this analysis other theories debated in International Relations will be discussed to replace or dismiss Classical Realisms concepts. Finally a conclusion will be delivered summarising the fundamental arguments discussed throughout the essay; if one can really apply the Classical Realism theory to the Iraq War case study. Classical Realism primarilyShow MoreRelatedGgfghj12150 Words   |  49 PagesDeï ¬ nitions In this third edition of our book we bring the survey of the conï ¬â€šict resolution ï ¬ eld up to date at the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-ï ¬ rst century. Conï ¬â€šict resolution as a deï ¬ ned specialist ï ¬ eld came of age in the post-Cold War era. It also found itself face to face with fundamental new challenges, many of which have come into even sharper focus since the ï ¬ rst and second editions of this book. Why a Third Edition? The ï ¬ rst edition of the book (1999) was written at a timeRead MoreNationalism and Transnationalism in the Context of the European Union28567 Words   |  115 Pages On the far side of revenge. Believe that a further shore Is reachable from here. Believe in miracles And cures and healing wells.... If there s fire on the mountain Or lightning and storm And a god speaks from the sky That means someone is hearing The outcry and the birth-cry Of new life at its term (.Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TempleRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the